What information must be disclosed to obtain valid informed consent?

• A. Nature of the procedure, risks and benefits, alternatives (including no treatment), and the uncertainties or probabilities of outcomes.
• B. Only costs and scheduling.
• C. Only the benefits.
• D. The patient's preferences alone.

Answer: (A)

Informed consent rests on giving the patient information they need to make an autonomous decision about care. To be valid, this disclosure must include what the procedure involves (nature), the risks and benefits, reasonable alternatives (including doing nothing), and the uncertainties or probabilities of possible outcomes. This full picture lets the patient compare options and understand potential harms and benefits before agreeing.

Costs and scheduling may matter practically, but they are not the essential medical disclosures required to decide about the procedure. Providing only the benefits omits important risks and alternatives, and relying on the patient’s preferences alone does not fulfill the duty to inform with objective information that enables a true choice.