When is it permissible to use restraints on a patient who lacks decision-making capacity?

• A. Only when a court order is obtained.
• B. As determined by physician authority to prevent harm to others if incapacitated patient is refusing treatment.
• C. At the family's discretion.
• D. Restraints are never allowed.

Answer: (B)

The key idea is that restraints are allowed when a patient cannot participate in decisions and there is imminent risk to safety. In such emergencies, the physician has the authority to order restraints to prevent harm, particularly when an incapacitated patient is refusing treatment. This relies on clinical judgment to protect the patient and others, not on patient autonomy or family whim, and it should be used only as a last resort, for the shortest possible time, and with continuous monitoring and documentation. Court orders may not be needed in urgent situations, though proper legal and institutional guidelines must still be followed.